The nature of grand minima and maxima from fully nonlinear flux transport dynamos

The differential rotation and meridional circulation are generated from the effect of turbulent Reynolds stress and are subjected to back-reaction from the magnetic field.

To generate grand minimum-and maximum-like periods in our simulations, we used random fluctuations in the angular momentum transport process, namely the Lambda-mechanism, and in the Babcock-Leighton mechanism. To characterize the nature and occurrences of the identified grand minima and maxima in our simulations, we used the waiting time distribution analyses, which reflect whether the underlying distribution arises from a random or a memory-bearing process.