Assessment of the non-hydrostatic effect on the upper atmosphere using a general circulation model (GCM)

Using the non-hydrostatic Global Ionosphere Thermosphere Model (GITM), which solves the complete vertical momentum equation, the primary characteristics of non-hydrostatic effects on the upper atmosphere are investigated. Our results show that after a sudden intense enhancement of high-latitude Joule heating, the vertical pressure gradient force can locally be 25% larger than the gravity force, resulting in a significant disturbance away from hydrostatic equilibrium.

This disturbance is transported from the lower altitude source region to high altitudes through an acoustic wave, which has been simulated in a global circulation model for the first time. Due to the conservation of perturbation energy, the magnitude of the vertical wind perturbation increases with altitude and reaches 150 (250) m/s at 300 (430) km during the disturbance. The upward neutral wind lifts the atmosphere and raises the neutral density at high altitudes by more than 100%.