Supplementary file 1_Gegen Qinlian decoction alleviates ulcerative colitis by remodeling the gut microbiota-bile acid axis and inhibiting NLRP3-mediated pyroptosis.docx

It remodeled bile acid metabolism, decreasing primary bile acids (CA, TCA, and CDCA, etc.) and increasing secondary bile acids (DCA, 6,7-DKLCA and 3β-DCA, etc.). Transcriptomics indicated inhibition of NOD-like receptor signaling. GQD suppressed NLRP3 inflammasome activation and reduced ASC, pro-caspase-1, cleaved caspase-1, GSDMD-N, and IL-18.

Docking prioritized DCA as a candidate NLRP3-interacting metabolite. In Caco-2 cells, DCA dose-dependently reduced LPS-induced NLRP3, ASC, GSDMD, IL1B, and IL18 mRNA expression and partially restored ZO-1 and Occludin signals without appreciable cytotoxicity. FMT supported the involvement of gut microbiota in GQD-mediated anti-inflammatory effects.</p>Conclusion<p>GQD alleviates UC induced by combined HFD and DSS exposure by reshaping the gut microbiota and correcting bile acid dysregulation, thereby inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation.

This study highlights the gut microbiota–bile acid axis in GQD’s therapeutic effects.</p>