salinity tolerance

Although engineered nanomaterials have shown promise in alleviating salt-induced oxidative damage, most studies attribute their effects solely to direct reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging. The systemic regulatory mechanisms linking redox modulation, ion transport, and metabolic reprogramming remain poorly understood.

Here, we propose that cerium oxide (CeO₂) particles alleviate salt stress not merely by antioxidant activity, but by acting as active regulators of a coupled redox–ion–metabolism network.