Colombia Environmental and Socioeconomic Satellite Dataset (2016–2021)

Mean of Nighttime Lights (log): Logarithm of the annual mean VIIRS V.2 NTL, reflecting average light intensity within each municipality (Elvidge et al., 2021). Precipitation (log): Logarithm of total annual precipitation, obtained from the Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Station data (CHIRPS; Funk et al., 2015). Temperature (log): Logarithm of the annual mean land surface temperature, derived from the MODIS Land Surface Temperature and Emissivity dataset (Wan et al., 2021).

Dense vegetation area (log): Logarithm of the proportion of municipal area covered by dense vegetation, estimated using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) following the approach of Sulla-Menashe and Friedl (2022). Burned area (log): Logarithm of the total municipal area affected by fire during each year, based on MODIS Terra Thermal Anomalies and Fire products (Giglio et al., 2021). Altitude (log): Logarithm of mean municipal elevation (meters above sea level), obtained from topographic datasets compiled by Universidad de los Andes.

Population density (log): Logarithm of population density (inhabitants per km²), also sourced from Universidad de los Andes. Education expenditures (log): Logarithm of total central government transfers for education at the municipal level, based on administrative records compiled by Universidad de los Andes.