A Delphi-based approach to identifying critical criteria for BIM and immersive technology integration in building projects

However, its implementation remains difficult because technical capabilities and social conditions must be aligned. The study applies socio-technical systems theory as a classification lens to distinguish technical and non-technical criteria influencing BIM–ImT integration in building projects.</p><p dir="ltr">Design/methodology/approach</p><p dir="ltr">A three-round Delphi method was used to identify, refine and validate critical BIM–ImT integration criteria.

Eight experts from Australia and Vietnam participated in the process, with consensus defined as = 75% agreement and mean = 3.5 on a five-point Likert scale.</p><p dir="ltr">Findings</p><p dir="ltr">The study confirmed 53 crucial criteria for BIM–ImT implementation: 27 technical criteria related to software compatibility, data synchronisation, visualisation capability and hardware specifications, and 26 non-technical criteria focused on user training and acceptance, organisational support, communication effectiveness and regulatory compliance.</p><p dir="ltr">Practical implications</p><p dir="ltr">The findings provide a structured basis for planning BIM–ImT integration in building projects.