Supplementary file 1_Beyond the huddle: a comparative analysis of sense of belonging, group cohesion and interpersonal closeness in rugby, soccer, and basketball.docx

They showed a significantly higher sense of belonging, group cohesion and perceived interpersonal closeness than their soccer and basketball counterparts. The ANCOVA results further demonstrated that both group cohesion and perceived interpersonal closeness are strong positive predictors of an individual’s sense of belonging across all disciplines. This research highlights the profound impact a sport’s environment has on shaping the psychosocial experiences of its athletes.

It confirms that while group cohesion and perceived interpersonal closeness are crucial for fostering a sense of belonging, the effectiveness of these bonds is amplified in sports that demand a high degree of physical and social interdependence. These insights offer valuable guidance for coaches and practitioners, suggesting that sport-specific strategies are necessary to enhance team functioning and athlete well-being.</p>