Kepler {delta} Sct stars amplitude modulation

We demonstrate the diversity in pulsational behaviour observed, in particular non-linearity, which is predicted for {delta} Sct stars. We analyse and discuss examples of {delta} Sct stars with constant amplitudes and phases; those that exhibit amplitude modulation caused by beating of close-frequency pulsation modes; those that exhibit pure amplitude modulation (with no associated phase variation); those that exhibit phase modulation caused by binarity; and those that exhibit amplitude modulation caused by non-linearity.

Using models and examples of individual stars, we demonstrate that observations of the changes in amplitude and phase of pulsation modes can be used to distinguish among the different scenarios. We find that 603 {delta} Sct stars (61.3 per cent) exhibit at least one pulsation mode that varies significantly in amplitude over 4yr. Conversely, many {delta} Sct stars have constant pulsation amplitudes so short-length observations can be used to determine precise frequencies, amplitudes and phases for the most coherent and periodic {delta} Sct stars.