Data Sheet 1_Associations between community built environment and leisure-time physical activity among older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis.pdf

In primary CAT analyses, more favourable built environments were associated with higher LTW (OR = 1.103, 95% CI 1.022–1.191) and General LTPA (OR = 1.180, 95% CI 1.089–1.278), with both associations remaining significant after CR2 correction. NLTW was not significantly associated with the overall built environment. In UNIT analyses, the positive association with NLTW lost significance after CR2 correction, while no consistent associations were observed for LTW or General LTPA.

Prediction intervals for all three CAT models crossed OR = 1, indicating substantial contextual variation. Domain-specific analyses showed relatively consistent positive associations between aesthetics and LTW, parks and green spaces and General LTPA, and destination accessibility and LTW in UNIT analyses. Sensitivity analyses generally supported the LTW and General LTPA CAT findings.</p>Conclusion<p>More favourable community built environments were associated with higher LTW and General LTPA among older adults, but associations varied by environmental attribute, activity type, and study context.

Because the NLTW analyses were based on very few independent study samples, the NLTW findings should be regarded as hypothesis-generating rather than as established effects. Because all included studies were cross-sectional and some analyses showed substantial heterogeneity or limited study numbers, the findings should be interpreted as associations rather than causal effects. Longitudinal studies and natural experiments with refined exposure assessment are needed.</p>Systematic review registration<p>crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/view/CRD420261435582, Unique Identifier: CRD420261435582.</p>