Supplementary file 1_Efficacy differences between SNM and various peripheral nerve electrical stimulation modalities for NLUTD: a Bayesian network meta-analysis.docx

For improvement in maximum cystometric capacity (MCC), sacral neuromodulation (SNM) combined with conventional therapy (SUCRA = 96.2%) demonstrated the best efficacy; however, because only six SNM-related RCTs were included, this result should be considered exploratory and cannot yet confirm its superiority over other interventions. In terms of post-void residual (PVR) volume, reduction in 24-h voiding frequency, and improvement in 24-h incontinence episodes, NMES combined with conventional therapy ranked first (SUCRA = 90, 89.5, and 91%, respectively).

For mean voided volume (MVV), tibial nerve stimulation (TNS) combined with conventional therapy (SUCRA = 88.6%) performed best. Overall, combination treatment strategies were generally superior to monotherapies, with different techniques showing differential advantages in improving various dimensions of lower urinary tract function.</p>Conclusion<p>For improving maximum flow rate, post-void residual volume, 24-h voiding frequency, and incontinence episodes, NMES combined with conventional therapy ranked highest; SNM combined with conventional therapy ranked highest for maximum cystometric capacity; TNS combined with conventional therapy ranked highest for mean voided volume.

However, these rankings only suggest potential relative advantages and do not establish definitive superiority; in particular, the evidence for SNM is limited, and the results should be considered exploratory.</p>Systematic review registration<p>crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/, identifier CRD420261324281.</p>