Table 1_Historical dynamics of agricultural carbon emissions in the North China plain over the past 300 years.docx

<p>Against the background of national “carbon peaking” and “carbon neutrality” goals, this paper focuses on the North China Plain (covering Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, Henan, Shandong, Anhui, Jiangsu), reconstructs its nearly 300-year agricultural production dataset using multi-source data and methods of extraction, calibration and interpolation, and establishes a period-specific, county-level carbon emission accounting system.

Its innovation lies in constructing a long-time series, high-spatial-resolution dataset and a period-adapted accounting system, breaking the limitations of existing short-term, provincial-scale studies. Results show: (i) Agriculture has long been a carbon sink, with fluctuating net absorption (189.45 × 10⁴ t C in early Qing to 417.08 × 10⁴ t C in mid-Qing, 294.95 × 10⁴ t C in late Qing to 3,831.46 × 10⁴ t C in modern times) and rising net absorption intensity (0.09–1.87 t C/hm²).