Two Stores, One Power Pack: Battery–Supercapacitor Hybrid Storage and the Patented Hybrid Power Pack. A Consolidated Scientific Monograph on the Physics, Architecture, Control, Battery Management, Sizing, Safety, Standards and Evidence

It brings together the author's earlier preprints on this subject and adds new chapters.</p><p><br></p><p dir="ltr">It covers the physics of the two stores and their time scales; how a load current divides between them; the reduction of battery Joule heat when the capacitor carries the varying part of the load, expressed through the ratio of the rms to the mean load current; the claimed architecture and a realisation of its switches; controller operating states and energy management; battery management (balancing, protection, integration); five charging inputs; applications ranked by physics; minimum-weight capacitor sizing across twelve applications; cold operation and regenerative braking; self-discharge, heat and life; safety and standards; the test record of HPP hardware; and a list of benefits and of every quantitative claim with its justification.</p><p><br></p><p dir="ltr">Every number is labelled as sourced, computed or assumed.

Version 1.0, 79 pages, 144 references. Not peer reviewed. The same file is deposited on Zenodo (see Related materials).