Table 1_Psychometric properties of the Beck Hopelessness Scale in Ecuadorian older adults: a comparative analysis of one-factor, two-factor, and three-factor models.docx

A total of 2,233 participants were assessed. Analyses were conducted for one-, two-, and three-factor variants. Reliability was examined using McDonald’s omega coefficient and Cronbach’s alpha, while validity was assessed through confirmatory factor analysis using the Weighted Least Squares Mean and Variance Adjusted (WLSMV) estimation method.</p>Results<p>The Beck Hopelessness Scale was evaluated in 2,233 Ecuadorian older adults (M = 74.02 years, SD = 8.96).

Confirmatory factor analyses demonstrated an adequate fit for the one-, two-, and three-factor structures, with the one-factor model standing out due to its greater parsimony. The scale showed high internal consistency (ω = 0.933; α = 0.909) and adequate convergent validity (average variance extracted = 0.657). Factor loadings were significant across all models, supporting the relevance of the items for measuring hopelessness, although items D16 and D17 showed comparatively lower performance.</p>Conclusion<p>Overall, the findings support the validity and reliability of the scale for assessing hopelessness in Ecuadorian older adults.</p>