Table 1_Selective oxidation of glucose to gluconic acid by bimetallic catalysts.docx

N₂ sorption further indicated a mesopore-dominated micro-meso-macroporous hierarchy spanning 1.72–148.55 nm, thereby coupling nanoscale active-site exposure with multiscale mass transport. At 100 °C under 1 MPa O₂, Pt/NiO-U achieved 100% glucose conversion and a gluconic acid yield of 92.5% without added soluble alkali, markedly outperforming the NaOH- and Na₂CO₃-derived counterparts, which afforded yields of only 45.6% and 50.4%, respectively.

Complete conversion with an 85.2% gluconic acid yield was also obtained at 80 °C within 1 h. The catalyst maintained complete conversion over five cycles, with a fifth-cycle yield of 79.3% and Pt and Ni leaching below 0.1%. These findings establish urea-assisted Pt-NiO interface engineering as a unified strategy for coordinating active-site dispersion, oxygen activation, and hierarchical mass transport in selective biomass oxidation.</p>