Envisioning the future state of energy for mobility

Mitigating airline emissions proves intricate due to the nascent state of advanced technologies, such as hydrogen-based engines, fuel cells, and extended-range batteries, which remain underdeveloped. Moreover, the intricate high-altitude conditions impede the direct natural counteraction of emissions. As such, the adoption of alternative fuels derived from non-fossil origins presents the most viable approach to curbing carbon emissions by up to 50%-80% when executed optimally.<br><br>This thesis commences by contextualizing the global energy transition landscape, juxtaposing Malaysia with various nations in terms of technology availability, natural resource endowment, governmental policies, societal predisposition toward low-carbon lifestyles, economic considerations, and political dimensions.

Furthermore, an exploration of Malaysia's public perception concerning energy transition and its aspirations for a low-carbon national trajectory is conducted through a modified Delphi Survey. This phase is pivotal as the survey findings underscore the significance of nature-oriented carbon offset contributions, accounting for approximately 83.1% of the solution, necessitating a holistic integration of natural processes and technology-based solutions, bolstered by financial viability and market preparedness.

Subsequently, expert interviews are conducted within the airline industry, including airport hub management, to ascertain and validate their most pressing challenges and concerns. Given PETRONAS status as Malaysia's national oil and gas enterprise, which is diversifying into renewable and clean energy domains, its potential to lead the region in SAF provision is noteworthy. Insights derived from expert interviews are translated into opportunities, forming the basis for a novel business proposal tailored to PETRONAS.

To operationalize this proposal, an integrated value chain management framework centred around microalgae cultivation and biorefinery processes is established. An innovative simulation engineering model is developed to validate empirical results pertaining to PETRONAS SAF production endeavours, complemented by recommendations pertaining to financial modelling.<br><br>Ultimately, this thesis aims to furnish PETRONAS with a novel business avenue, facilitating the conversion of biomass into energy and promoting sustainable energy solutions for Malaysia and neighbouring nations.

Through this comprehensive study, a symbiotic relationship between nature and technology can be harnessed to usher in an era of environmentally friendly energy production and consumption.<br><br><i>Thesis is embargoed until 31 December 2029.</i><br><br><br>