<p>Statistics of the experimental results.</p>

In this study, we combine numerical modelling and <i>in vivo</i> measurements to investigate hemodynamic and mechanical interactions within the feto-placental circulation. A fully coupled three-dimensional fluid–structure interaction model of the umbilical cord—comprising two pulsatile arteries, a compliant vein, and Wharton’s jelly—was developed and connected to a zero-dimensional compliant placental model.

The model incorporates arterial pressure pulsations, vessel wall deformation, and mechanical coupling within the closed arteries–placenta–vein system. In parallel, Doppler ultrasound measurements were performed in singleton pregnancies to assess umbilical venous flow at the placental insertion and in a free loop of the cord. Numerical results show that venous flow is dynamically modulated by arterial pulsations transmitted through both the cord and placenta, producing phase-shifted venous deformation and low-amplitude oscillations.