Polar Urals Environmental Change after Last Ice Age (#1217, PUECH, IV IPY) ? hydrology, hydrochemistry and meteorology

The synoptic situation over the study area was also analyzed. Other measurements included discharge, water temperature, specific conductivity, and water chemistry analysis. Discharge rates were determined via the propeller-type current meter and the surface float.

The former method utilized speeds at 0.4 water depth measured at five hydrometric verticals. The data obtained was then used to calculate discharge rates. High water levels in 2008 made it impossible to use the propeller-type current meter to measure flow speed, which is why the surface float was used instead.

Discharge rates were determined based on an average of five surface velocity measurements multiplied by a reduction coefficient (a = 0.84). Additionally, a cross-section of stream was determined. In. 2007, water level was measured by staff gage two times daily.

In 2008, water level was measured by Eijkelkamp water level sensor with one measurement after every 10 minutes. An ELMETRON CC-315 conductometer was used to measure water temperature and specific conductivity (SC). Water samples were filtered using membrane filters (0.45 ?m) and Sartorius filtration kits, and finally placed in 0.5 dm3 PET bottles.

The filtered water samples were kept in a dark place at temperatures below 4?C. An ICS-2000 DIONEX ion chromatograph was used to chemical analysis of the collected samples at the Hydrochemical Laboratory of the Institute of Geography and Spatial Management at the Jagiellonian University in Krak?w (Poland). An automatic thermohigrometer HOBO Pro Series was used to measure air temperature and humidity at two heights above ground: 5 and 150 cm.

Meteorological data were collected in four sites in a basin which represent accumulation zone of Obruchev Glacier, mountain tundra, unglaciated cirque and relict rock glacier. One measurement of air temperature and humidity was taken after every 10 minutes.