Sources of black carbon deposition to the Himalayan glaciers in current and future climates

The Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry and a modified version of the Evaluating the Climate and Air Quality Impacts of Short-Lived Pollutants (ECLIPSE) 5a emission inventory were used to investigate the sources impacting black carbon (BC) deposition to the Himalaya, Karakoram, and Hindu Kush (HKHK) region. This work extends previous studies by simulating deposition to the HKHK region not only under current conditions but also in the 2040-2050 period under two realistic emission scenarios and in three different phases of the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO).

Under current conditions, sources from outside our South Asian modeling domain have a similar impact on total BC deposition to the HKHK region (35-87%, varying with month) as South Asian anthropogenic sources (13-62%). Industry (primarily brick kilns) and residential solid fuel burning combined account for 45-66% of the in-domain anthropogenic BC deposition to the HKHK region. Under a no further control emission scenario for 2040-2050, the relative contributions to BC deposition in the HKHK region are more skewed toward in-domain anthropogenic sources (45-65%) relative to sources outside the domain (26-52%).