Table 1_Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns in Jalisco, Mexico: a snapshot of regional resistance (2021-2023).xlsx

Results were analyzed using WHONET and interpreted according to CLSI criteria. Clinical specimens included urine, blood, biopsies, abscesses, lower respiratory tract (LRT) specimens, and sterile fluids. Species analyzed included, Enterococcus spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter baumannii and Escherichia coli.

Statistical comparisons were performed using R Statistical Software Studio.</p>Results<p>A total of 13,336 clinical isolates were analyzed, with E. coli (n= 5,737) and K. pneumoniae (n= 1,738) as the most predominant pathogens. Urine samples were the most frequently collected (n= 4,247). Bloodstream isolates exhibited the highest resistance levels for E. coli and K. pneumoniae.

Non-fermenting pathogens showed high resistance in LRT isolates, especially for P. aeruginosa and A. baumannii, with elevated carbapenem resistance. Resistance levels were higher the ICU, particularly for K. pneumoniae, E. cloacae, P. aeruginosa, and A. baumannii. In contrast, the non-ICU settings showed a greater prevalence of ESBL-producing E. coli.</p>Conclusions<p>This study reveals substantial AMR burden in Guadalajara, with particularly high levels among bloodstream pathogens, non-fermenters in LRT specimens, and carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae and A. baumannii.

Resistance patterns varied across hospital wards and specimen types, with higher resistance in ICU. These findings contribute valuable regional data to national AMR monitoring efforts.</p>