Table 2_Green manuring combined with nitrogen reduction sustained rice productivity and expanded soil organic nitrogen pool via promoting coordinated rhizosphere metabolite–microbiome interactions.xlsx

Green manuring (GM) exerts an increasing influence on microbial community assembly along the soil–root continuum and promotes nitrogen-cycling functional potentials, most notably in the root endosphere of GM3. GM treatments enriched amino acids and signaling-related metabolites of rice rhizosphere soil, including L-isoleucine, sarcosine, 3-[(2-chloro-1,3-thiazol-5-yl) methyl]-5-methyl-1,3,5-oxadiazin-4-imine, and N-sulfo-D-glucosamine, all of which showed significant positive associations with nitrogen-cycling related bacterial taxa and saprotrophic fungi.

Path modeling further demonstrated that metabolite-driven bacterial pathways dominated soil organic nitrogen accumulation. Overall, moderate nitrogen reduction under green manuring promoted coordinated rhizosphere metabolite–microbiome interactions that simultaneously sustained rice productivity and improved soil nitrogen stability.</p>