Daytime climatology of ionospheric NmF₂ and hmF₂ from COSMIC data

A 30 day running median was applied to the daily medians of each geomagnetic latitude bin (10⁰) to remove the short-term variability of the data. This permitted a better description of the long-term daytime climatology across the most recent solar minimum to be obtained.

Several significant features appeared in this climatology: 1) low-latitude NmF₂ was dominated by the semi-annual anomaly, the equatorial anomaly and the annual asymmetry (anomaly); 2) Semi-annual and annual anomalies extended into the middle latitudes; 3) this extension into the middle latitudes appears to be dependent on variations of solar radiation over the solar cycle, as the variations did not reach as far poleward in 2008 as they did in 2010; 4) The second equinoctial maximum is not centered on the September equinox, but occurred in October; 5) there is an annual variation at high latitudes in which maximum values of NmF₂ occur in summer - there is no indication of a winter anomaly and, in fact, when hemispheres are compared, maximum NmF2 at middle latitudes always occurs in the summer hemisphere rather than the winter one; 6) the highest values of hmF₂ at low latitudes occur on the summer side of the magnetic equator throughout the four year period, probably resulting from winds blowing from the summer to the winter; 7) minimum values of hmF₂ at middle latitudes occur in winter, when hmF₂ is typically 30 to 50 km lower than it is in summer; 8) elevated hmF₂ also occurs in summer at high latitudes, with a distinct seasonal and hemispheric asymmetry.