Supplementary file 1_Pharmacotherapy of the spleen and stomach in Li Shizhen’s Bencao Gangmu (Compendium of materia medica, 1596): a text-statistical analysis of 994 entries and a bridge to modern pharmacology.docx

Background<p>Bencao Gangmu (本草纲目, 1596), Li Shizhen’s Compendium of Materia Medica, is among the most comprehensive pre-modern compilations of East Asian materia medica, yet the full-text distribution of its content on the spleen–stomach (pi-wei 脾胃) system, the digestive functional axis of Chinese medicine, has never been systematically quantified or mapped onto modern pharmacological evidence.</p>Aim of the study<p>To construct a reproducible text-statistical inventory of all spleen- and stomach-related entries in Bencao Gangmu; to characterize the resulting pharmacopoeia by plant identity, taste–nature (qi-wei), channel tropism (gui-jing), declared function, indication and preparation form; and to relate the most frequently recorded botanical drugs to current pharmacological evidence on gastrointestinal disease.</p>Materials and methods<p>The Jinling (1596) edition was searched in full text for pi (脾), wei (胃) and pi-wei (脾胃).

Candidate hits were adjudicated by two reviewers against predefined inclusion criteria (Cohen’s κ = 0.84) and coded into a relational dataset (drug, taste–nature, channel tropism, function, indication, preparation). Plant identities were authenticated against World Flora Online and the Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2025) and reported under the ConPhyMP framework.</p>Results<p>Of 994 retained entries, 703 specified a concrete drug or therapy.