A dual-action biotin nanogel for accelerated wound healing: a bioinspired approach to antioxidant and regenerative delivery

The optimized nanogel showed a particle size of ∼115 nm, zeta potential of −35.1 mV, encapsulation efficiency of 88.3%, and sustained BTN release over 24 h. In a rat excisional wound model, the nanogel achieved 95.1% wound closure by day 14 and significantly outperformed the untreated control.

Treatment also increased VEGF, collagen I, and TGF-β1 expression while reducing IL-6 levels. These findings demonstrate the potential of BTN–CoQ10–SA nanogels as a sustained topical system for promoting wound repair.</p>