Table 1_Real world evidence for glucosamine-chondroitin-calcium supplementation on joint pain.docx

While glucosamine sulfate (GS) and chondroitin sulfate (CS) have demonstrated benefits in severe degenerative joint conditions, real-world evidence on the use patterns and reported outcomes of their combination with calcium (GCC) among individuals with mild-to-moderate joint discomfort remains limited.</p>Methods<p>This real-world study enrolled 9,090 adults who used GCC for ≥1 month and completed an online questionnaire; pre- and post-use symptom scores were analyzed among participants reporting joint symptoms or back pain.

Linear mixed-effects models adjusted for demographics, lifestyle, comorbidities, medications, and other dietary supplement use.</p>Results<p>After GCC use, joint pain, stiffness, swelling, inflexibility and back pain scores were significantly lower than pre-use scores, with mean changes of −1.74 (95% CI: −1.81 to −1.68) for joint pain and −1.37 (95% CI: −1.45 to −1.28) for back pain (all P < 0.001), although none of the mean changes reached the pre-specified primary two-point minimal clinically important difference.