Variability in the Northern North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans Across the Last Two Millennia: A Review

The cause of these climatic events is still under debate, but changes in the North Atlantic circulation have often been proposed to play an important role. In this review we compile available high-resolution paleoceanographic data sets from the northern North Atlantic and Nordic Seas.

The records are grouped into regions related to modern ocean conditions, and their variability is discussed. We additionally discuss our current knowledge from modeling studies, with a specific focus on the dynamical changes that are not well inferred from the proxy records. An illustration is provided through the analysis of two climate model ensembles and an individual simulation of the last millennium.