Glaze formulation and colour-producing mechanisms of celadon, opaque and black-glazed ceramics from the Tiedian kiln site, China

In this study, ceramic fragments from the Tiedian kiln were analyzed by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), electron probe microanalysis (EPMA), and confocal Raman spectroscopy. All three glaze types are based on a SiO2-Al2O3 aluminosilicate system but differ systematically in flux composition and coloring-element content.