Table 1_Evolving patterns of hepato-pancreato-biliary surgery in the immunotherapy era.pdf

Surgical indications were divided into three main patterns; patients who were downstaged to resectability, those in whom the primary disease was controlled by immunotherapy and developed new resectable cancer, and those in whom surgery was used as an adjunct to immunotherapy. Notably, the proportion of complex procedures increased over the study period, reflecting growing surgical experience and confidence in the durability of immunotherapy responses.</p>Discussion<p>Immunotherapy is reshaping the role of HPB surgery by expanding the spectrum of clinical scenarios in which surgical intervention may be considered.

These findings highlight the evolving integration of surgery within multidisciplinary cancer care in the immunotherapy era and the need for refined patient selection and clearer operative indications.</p>