Radical and Extremist Attitudes in Europe

It enables systematic comparisons of left-wing, right-wing, and religious forms of extremism as well as religious fundamentalism, and investigates how these phenomena overlap, diverge, and potentially reinforce each other. The study aims to conceptualize, measure, and explain both explicit and implicit extremist attitudes that reject democracy as a political system rather than merely opposing specific liberal-democratic norms.

The data allow analyses of the social roots, consequences, and interrelations of different forms of political and religious radicalism across European societies. The data comprise two survey waves and accompanying pretests conducted in European countries and the United States. The surveys include representative samples of native populations alongside oversamples of Muslim respondents.