Supplementary data for "Turbulence enhances bird tail aerodynamic performance"

Here, we use a bio-hybrid feathered robot model of a pigeon tail in a wind tunnel to compare its aerodynamics in laminar versus turbulent flow. We measured the lift and drag forces generated by the tail as a function of angle of attack, tail spread, and flow condition. We found tail spread scarcely changes tail aerodynamic lift and drag force coefficients, despite large aspect ratio variations.

Consequently, tail spread primarily changes force via tail area modulation, simplifying flight control. The effect of laminar versus turbulent flow is pronounced; at the same tail spread and angle of attack, turbulence increases lift and drag by approximately a factor two. Quantitative flow measurement analysis with proper orthogonal decomposition shows force enhancement is linked to modifications in the spatial and temporal structure of the wake.

The results suggest a wake instability that arises in laminar flow is suppressed in turbulent flow, which enhances tail efficiency, benefiting flight control. These insights may inspire engineers to design aerial vehicle tails with improved flight control in turbulence.