Epidemiology, Patterns of Antimicrobial Resistance, and Profiles of Multidrug Resistance in Uropathogens Associated with Clinically Confirmed Urinary Tract Infections: A Retrospective Study from a Resource-Limited Setting

Clinical confirmation of UTI was determined by the presence of typical symptoms (such as dysuria, frequency, urgency) along with positive urine culture results yielding ≥10^5 colony-forming units per milliliter (CFU/mL) of a single uropathogen, in accordance with established diagnostic guidelines.

Patients with asymptomatic bacteriuria, contaminated samples (mixed flora), or duplicate isolates from the same infection episode were excluded. Consecutive sampling was utilized to reduce selection bias, resulting in a total of 216 eligible cases.