Biogeography and monsoon-associated climatic trait evolution in true frogs Rana

The phylogenetic signal and the ancestral character states demonstrated the significant association between annual precipitation and the homoplasy in the extend of latitudinal ranges in ranids. Specifically, the trait was prevalent among opportunistic species (e.g., Pelophylax ridibundus) and other Eurasian subarctic species (e.g., Rana amurensis, Rana dybowskii and Rana temporaria) c. 30.0 Mya, and accumulated in Nearctic ranids (e.g., Lithobates catesbeianus, Lithobates sylvaticus) c. 12.0 Mya.

Paleogeographic models further provided support to the joint impact of the East Asian monsoon changes and Arctic oscillations on the diversification of three major stem lineages and repeated sub-radiations of East Asian Rana in central latitudes since 22.0 Mya. Finally, we demonstrated the dispersal of northern R. amurensis clades into the Siberian-subarctic c. 7.7 Mya, coinciding with warmer-than-today conditions of the Arctic in the Late Miocene, and exemplifying climate-induced gradual adaptation to the present extremely cold subarctic conditions. **Version 4 of the dataset implemented the final species tree reflecting updated taxonomy within a total-evidence, population-level dating framework, integrating morphological characters with multilocus molecular data.

Monsoon-associated climatic variables derived from ERA5 reanalysis layers (Hersbach et al., 2020; cds.climate.copernicus.eu) were incorporated and analysed comparatively using a truncated species tree to ensure consistent lineage representation. ***Version 5 of the Dataset has been updated to match the pre-accepted iScience manuscript of this study. Sample identifiers have been revised to match the Key Resources Table