Analysis of the Development Characteristics of Shallow Dissolution Cavity in Critical Karst Zones Based on Earth Volumetric Studio (EVS)

The results show that: (1) shallow cavity development exhibits pronounced vertical zonation and spatial heterogeneity, with localized peaks in cavity intensity at specific depths; (2) limestone areas tend to develop larger cavities with greater vertical extent, whereas argillaceous strata host cavities concentrated in the shallow subsurface with limited downward propagation; (3) bedding attitude significantly influences cavity geometry—gently dipping strata favor laterally extensive cavities, while steeply dipping strata promote vertical connectivity; (4) the occurrence of multiple-cavities-per-borehole is notable in certain dolostone areas, reflecting the combined influence of fracture-prone brittleness and catchment conditions on vertical cavity development; (5) moderately weathered bedrock is more conducive to the preservation of large voids, whereas intensely weathered bedrock is unfavorable for cavity stability.

Overall, the development of shallow dissolution cavities is governed by a coupled control of lithology, bedding attitude, geomorphology, erosion base level, hydrological conditions, and degree of weathering.