Predicting Electrolyzer Performance under Forced Periodic Operation using Nonlinear Frequency Response Method

The NFR method demonstrates a voltage decrease and power consumption increase during forced periodic operation of PEMWE in comparison to the steady-state operation, agreeing remarkably well with experiments and numerical simulations. Furthermore, the NFR method reveals that the voltage decrease is a consequence of the system's nonlinear kinetics, and the power requirements are influenced by both linear and nonlinear phenomena.

Linear contributions tend to increase power requirements, while nonlinear contributions decrease them. However, regardless of the operating conditions, linear contributions prevail, leading to increased power consumption during forced periodic operation. At the usual operating current densities, ohmic contributions dominate the PEMWE power increase.

Overall, the NFR method proves advantageous for analyzing forced periodic operations, providing an analytical tool to calculate the electrolyzer's losses during such conditions and guide system design, especially of the supplying power converter.