<p>Cross-loadings matrix.</p>

AI-driven personalized learning improves knowledge acquisition, but its effect on creativity remains largely unexplored. Most research emphasizes content delivery over cognitive engagement, which leaves gaps in understanding how AI influences deeper learning processes.

This study investigates how ChatGPT-enabled personalized learning, framed through Bloom’s Taxonomy, influences creative thinking among Indonesian higher education students, considering the moderating role of peer interaction. Using SEM via Smart-PLS 4.1, data from 533 Indonesian students reveal that personalized learning strengthens both lower-order cognitive skills—such as remembering, understanding, and applying—and higher-order functions, including analyzing, evaluating, and creating, which are essential for creativity.