Supplementary file 4_Urban land use influences microbial functional traits along a management intensity gradient.docx

We investigated how urban land use and management intensity shape microbial diversity, functional traits, and interaction patterns in urban soils.</p>Methods<p>We sampled 135 soils across eight land-use types in Blois (France), each assigned a management intensity level from 1 (low) to 4 (high).

Bacterial and fungal communities were characterized using Illumina sequencing, fungal guilds were identified using FungalTraits, bacterial taxa were classified by life strategies, enzymatic activities were measured, and co-occurrence networks were constructed.</p>Results<p>Land-use type and management intensity strongly influenced microbial composition, diversity, and functioning. Highly managed sites (Gardens, Sports fields) showed lower fungal 18S rRNA gene abundance, higher bacterial 16S rRNA gene copy numbers, reduced diversity, and lower nitrogen-related enzyme activities compared to less managed sites (Unused areas).