<p>Factor levels for the response surface design.</p>

Through multi-objective optimization, the dust mass concentrations at the lower and upper return-air-side corners were reduced by 58% and 34%, respectively. Validation using a 1:4 scaled-model experimental platform showed that the experimental measurements agreed well with the numerical predictions, with relative errors below 5%. This study developed an integrated research framework combining numerical simulation, response surface optimization, and scaled-model experimental validation to address dust accumulation in the return-air-side corner regions under a long-forcing, short-exhaust hybrid ventilation system.

The proposed framework enables the coupled analysis of multiple ventilation parameters and the dual-objective optimization of dust mass concentrations at the upper and lower return-air-side corners, providing a reference for dust control and ventilation parameter optimization under similar operating conditions.</p></div>