Replication Package: Self-Reported Test-Taking Effort and Behavioral Engagement in PISA 2025 (PISA 2025 LDW)

Analysis uses an R 4.6.1 cleaning and estimation pipeline: `20260922_clean_puf.R` first cleans and merges the files (yielding 755,721 student-level records, of which 226,335 have LDW process data, 31.4% of LDW participants); `12_build_aggregates.R` then aggregates item-level behavioral records into student-level indicators (mean time on task per item, TT; mean number of actions per item, A; abandoned-item counts coded as code-9; and unreached-item counts). `02_validate_volume1.R` checks the pipeline against official figures in OECD *PISA 2025 Results (Volume I)*: science proficiency means for 91 economies differ from the official values by no more than 0.003 points, CMPS means by no more than 0.0023 points, and cross-domain correlations by no more than 0.00001.

All remaining scripts produce the paper’s statistics on this validated estimation engine. Weighted correlations and weighted regressions use the final student weight `W_FSTUWT`; standard errors are obtained from 80 BRR-Fay (ε = 0.5) replicate weights combined with 10 plausible values under Rubin’s rules (total variance = mean sampling variance + (1 + 1/10) × imputation variance).**Time and space reference.** Data correspond to the PISA 2025 assessment cycle (results released 8 September 2026) and cover 84 participating economies.

Item-level behavioral indicators are timed at the resolution of each LDW item’s response duration (recorded in milliseconds and converted to seconds for analysis), with spatial resolution at the economy level.**File contents.** The archive contains two directories. `code/` holds 10 R scripts and an English `README.md` (with run order, OECD data-download instructions, and expected outputs); running the scripts in the order listed in the README fully reproduces the paper’s numbers. `supplementary/` holds 5 CSV files corresponding to Tables S1–S5: `s1_descriptives_by_country.csv` (252 data rows = 84 economies × 3 rows: valid *N*, mean, and standard deviation; 8 columns: economy code CNT; self-reported effort EFFORT1 and EFFORT1/EFFORT2 on 1–10 scales; mean time per item TT_mean_s (s/item); mean actions per item A_mean (actions/item); CMPS performance (PISA scale, international mean 500, SD 100); family socioeconomic status index ESCS (OECD-standardized index); and abandoned-item count n_code9 (items/student)); `s2_within_country_correlations.csv` (336 data rows = 84 economies × 4 predictors), economy-level weighted correlations `est` and standard errors `se` between CMPS and each of the four indicators (dimensionless); `s3_within_country_effort1_coefficients.csv` (84 data rows), economy-specific regressions with EFFORT1 coefficient `beta` (CMPS points per 1-point self-reported effort), standard error, *t*-value, and significance class (`negative_sig` / `negative_ns` / `positive_sig` / `positive_ns` / `not_estimated`); `s4_within_country_by_band.csv` (252 data rows = 84 economies × 3 proficiency bands), within-band correlations and standard errors for CMPS×TT, EFFORT1×TT, and EFFORT1×CMPS; and `s5_country_codebook.csv` (91 data rows), ISO-3 codes with official display names, flags for Volume I footnote countries, and indicators of whether process data are available.**Missingness.** In `s3`, Costa Rica (CRI) and El Salvador (SLV) cannot be estimated because ESCS is entirely missing; `beta`, `se`, and `t` are empty and `class` is coded `not_estimated`.

In `s1`, the ESCS column is missing in several economies (entirely missing for CRI and SLV; approximately 45%, 42%, and 29% missing for the United States, Armenia, and Lebanon, respectively); the corresponding cells are empty. Apart from OECD’s own plausible-value imputation, no additional imputation was performed and no outliers were removed.**Error note.** All statistics incorporate complex-survey variance (BRR-Fay) and measurement uncertainty (plausible-value imputation variance) according to official PISA methods; the `se` columns in the tables give the corresponding standard errors.

No other known sources of error were introduced.