Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Soil Erosion and Its Interactive Mechanisms with NDVI in the Yellow River Basin, China

Digital Elevation Model (DEM) Elevation data with a 30-m resolution were sourced from the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) provided by the United States Geological Survey (USGS, earthexplorer.usgs.gov/ ). Slope and flow direction were derived from the DEM to support soil erosion modeling in the InVEST SDR module. Meteorological Data Daily precipitation and temperature data (1995–2022) were obtained from the China Meteorological Data Service Center (CMDC, data.cma.cn/ ).

Annual mean precipitation was interpolated using the Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) method to match the spatial resolution of other datasets. Soil Data Soil texture and organic matter content were derived from the Harmonized World Soil Database (HWSD v1.2), complemented by data from the National Second Soil Survey of China. These parameters were used to calculate soil erodibility factors required by the InVEST SDR model.