Evaluating nudging techniques in implementing the lower atmosphere variability induced by tides and gravity waves into the TIEGCM

The DTDV of vertical ion drift gradually increases with more wave components incorporated and shows a ∼10% underestimation with LBF. Constraining geopotential height ( Z *) is critical in TIEGCM to properly add GWs at lower levels. Model runs with Z

• constrained exhibit reduced sensitivity to nudging levels: one‐level nudging and LBF runs show 20%–30% underestimations of TID magnitudes compared to a four‐scale‐height nudging run. Conversely, when Z
• is unavailable and only U , V , T are constrained, one‐level nudging and LBF lead to 80%–90% underestimations of TIDs, with LBF entirely missing wave features. Therefore, multi‐level nudging, especially with Z
• unconstrained, is recommended to incorporate GWs. Overall, nudging provides a powerful tool to realistically incorporate observed or simulated waves across medium to global scales into ionosphere‐thermosphere models, offering a data‐driven perspective of variability for lower boundary conditions.