<p>Representative countries by cluster membership.</p>

This study develops a data-driven framework to identify key resilience contributors and country capability profiles using the complete 2021 Global Health Security Index (GHSI) dataset for 195 countries. Through a multi-method analytical approach, we derive a composite resilience measure that captures 70.6% of shared variance across six GHSI domains.

After accounting for inter-domain correlations, Detection, Health Capacity, and Prevention show the strongest independent associations with overall resilience (ridge coefficients of 0.242, 0.228, and 0.219, respectively), with Detection contributing most. Cluster analysis reveals two distinct country typologies: a high-performing, balanced-capability group (33% of countries) spanning both high-income and several upper-middle-income countries, and a larger group (67%) with lower and more structurally uneven capabilities, particularly in Prevention and Health Capacity.