Identification of DEGs and Functional Enrichment Analysis in GSE154881 and GSE139317

The GSE154881 dataset, based on platform GPL24676, comprised peripheral blood samples from healthy controls, patients with T2D, and individuals diagnosed with DKD. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, all participants provided written informed consent before sample collection, and all procedures adhered to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.The GSE139317 dataset, profiled on platform GP21163, included kidney tissues from mice treated with either Vehicle (Sham group; n = 6) or 90 mg/kg alloxan administered intravenously three days prior to grouping.

All bioinformatic analyses were performed using R Studio. Differential gene expression analysis was carried out with the limma package, with differentially expressed genes (DEGs) defined using an adjusted P value < 0.05. Functional enrichment analyses, including Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways, were conducted using the “enrichplot” and “ggplot2” packages in R, with a significance threshold of P < 0.05.