Supplementary file 1_Speech-sound memory consolidation over a daytime nap in adults with and without developmental language disorder.docx

In the current study, we examined sleep spindles and slow oscillations (SOs) in relation to offline changes in speech-sound memory in adults across a wide range of language ability.</p>Methods<p>Twenty-nine monolingual English-speaking participants completed a perceptual training task contrasting retroflex /ɖ/ and dental /d̪/ consonants, followed by a polysomnography-monitored nap.</p>Results<p>Slow spindle density was positively associated with perceptual discrimination performance following a nap, whereas slow oscillation (SO) density was negatively associated.

SO-slow spindle coupling strength was significantly correlated with language difficulty amongst those with developmental language disorder, such that those with a lower synchronization index were observed with greater difficulties in language ability.</p>Discussion<p>Together, these findings point to the potential relationship between sleep and perceptual-linguistic representation, and developmental language disorder.</p>