New observations of large-scale waves coupling with the ionosphere made by the GOLD mission: Quasi-16-day wave signatures in the f-region Ol 135.6-nm nightglow during sudden stratospheric warmings

Meanwhile, the enhanced and concurrent quasi-16-day wave (Q16DW) activity was observed in the middle atmosphere by the Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) instrument.

This implies that the F-region ionosphere couples with the lower atmosphere through large-scale waves. A noteworthy phenomenon was that the Q16DOs displayed an asymmetric behavior between the northern and southern EIA crests. This asymmetry indicates that the ionospheric Q16DOs might be driven by the Q16DW-modulated tides, which not only modulated the E-region dynamo winds but also modulated the F-region field-aligned neutral winds via vertical penetration, producing the oscillations in plasmas densities.