Supplementary file 1_Epidemiological update on spatial and space–time clusters of African swine fever in the Philippines.pdf

Although crude case volumes were highest in Luzon (52.10%), followed by the Visayas (31.69%) and Mindanao (16.21%), accounting for swine population density reshaped the spatial distribution. Spatial mapping and a Getis-Ord Gi* hotspot analysis consistently identified the highest burden of reported ASF events within Regions IV-A, IV-B, and VI, specifically peaking on Mindoro Island and in the Western Visayas. Together, these findings demonstrate that maritime borders fail to provide natural biosecurity isolation against transboundary viral transmission.

Consequently, region-specific interventions and resources must be dynamically allocated to address this heterogeneous spatial burden. These spatiotemporal results provide the evidence-based framework necessary to transition toward targeted sub-national surveillance and to systematically evaluate the epidemiological impact and guide live-attenuated vaccine implementation in the Philippines and analogous archipelagic settings throughout the Asia-Pacific.</p>