<p>Table of the parameters of model 3 (Fig 5).</p>

The kinetics and spatial localization of these signals are critical determinants of cellular responses, yet receptor trafficking - including internalization, endosomal sorting, and recycling - remains a pivotal but often overlooked component of theoretical GPCR models.

Here, we present a generic GPCR dynamic model that explicitly integrates receptor trafficking and signaling compartmentalization, enabling systematic characterization of the role of endosomal dynamics and receptor recycling on ligand-induced cellular responses. Then, as a case study, a model selection method with high-throughput kinetic data from the follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) is used to reveal the impact of receptor trafficking on FSH-induced signaling responses.