Table 1_Interventions for bleaching-induced tooth sensitivity: an umbrella review.docx

Evidence for fluoride was largely derived from combination formulations, limiting assessment of its independent effect. Calcium-based agents showed limited and low-certainty benefits. Photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT), historically referred to as low-level laser therapy (LLLT), appeared promising for reducing sensitivity intensity, but substantial protocol heterogeneity and variable risk of bias limited confidence in the findings.

Overall, most interventions reduced sensitivity intensity rather than incidence.</p>Conclusion<p>Bleaching-induced tooth sensitivity is common but usually transient. Systemic non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs appear ineffective. Potassium-nitrate-based interventions may provide modest relief in selected settings, whereas the independent benefit of fluoride remains uncertain because it was frequently evaluated as part of combination formulations.

PBMT may also reduce sensitivity intensity, although protocol heterogeneity limits clinical recommendations. Standardized, high-quality randomized trials are needed.</p>Systematic Review Registration<p>osf.io/9s8h7/.</p>