The role of flavonoid baicalein in sepsis management: A systematic review of molecular mechanisms

Baicalein, a strategic dynamic flavonoid, exhibits strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions across diverse syndrome models and may have beneficial properties in sepsis. This study followed the guidelines set forth by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA).

We searched Embase, Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science for relevant keywords up to 11 April 2026. From 672 articles, 25 publications (<i>in vitro</i> (n=14), <i>in vivo</i> (n=18); of which 5 studies were both <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i>) were included in this systematic review. Most <i>in vitro</i> studies used lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated cell models, such as RAW264.7 macrophages, AR42J cells, and HUVECs, to evaluate inflammatory responses. <i>In vivo</i> studies were primarily conducted in mouse and rat models of sepsis, including LPS-induced endotoxemia and cecal ligation and puncture (CLP).