α-Tocopherol-loaded freeze-dried liposomes and proliposomes: powder properties and thermal performance

Among the formulations, PLPs_MAN exhibited the lowest moisture content. Both PLP formulations demonstrated lower hygroscopicity and superior flow indices compared to FD_LPs. Under thermal stress (90 °C, 12 h), PLPs_TRE showed the lowest TBARS response, whereas PLPs_MAN maintained the highest DPPH radical-scavenging activity.

After four weeks at 40 °C, mean EE values were lower than their initial values for both tested formulations, reaching 73.7% for FD_LPs and 79.0% for PLPs_MAN. Overall, both proliposome formulations exhibited more favorable powder flow indices and lower hygroscopicity than FD_LPs, whereas their thermal responses depended on the endpoint examined. The four-week storage findings apply only to FD_LPs and PLPs_MAN and do not establish the storage performance of PLPs_TRE.

Differences in carrier loading and processing limit attribution of the observed effects to carrier identity alone.</p>