Contributions of the Liquid and Ice Phases to Global Surface Precipitation: Observations and Global Climate Modeling

The pathways investigated are (1) precipitating ice (ice/snow/graupel) that forms above the freezing level and melts to produce rain (S) followed by additional condensation and collection as the melted precipitating ice falls to the surface (R); (2) growth completely through condensation and collection (coalescence), warm rain (W); and (3) precipitating ice (primarily snow) that falls to the surface (SS).

To quantify the amounts, data from satellite-based radar measurements—CloudSat, GPM, and TRMM—are used, as well as climate model simulations from the Community Atmosphere Model (CAM) and the UK Met Office Unified Model (UM).