Surface forcing (ssp585) for Arctic Ocean dynamical downscaling data establishment

The surface forcing to drive FESOM2 to establish the Arctic Ocean dynamical downscaling data is from the output of FIO-ESM v2.1. The surface forcing includes the eastward and northward components of near-surface wind, near-surface air temperature, near-surface specific humidity, surface downwelling shortwave radiation, surface downwelling longwave radiation, rainfall flux, snowfall flux, total (liquid and solid) runoff.

To reduce the simulated errors from the surface forcing bias, the climatological biases of near-surface wind and near-surface air temperature relative to those from the surface-atmospheric dataset for driving ocean–sea-ice models based on Japanese 55-year atmospheric reanalysis (JRA55-do) during 1960–2009 are removed.